Token Economy

Developed by Teodoro Ayllon and Nathan Azrin in the 1960s. A behavior modification system where tokens (points, stickers) are given for desired behaviors and can be exchanged for rewards. Principle: Tokens are secondary reinforcers linked to primary rewards Applications: - Psychiatric facilities: Improved patient self-care - Schools: Attendance and homework completion - Home: Habit formation in children - Workplace: Performance bonuses, loyalty points Mileage programs, reward points, gamification all use token economy principles. Caution: May undermine intrinsic motivation (Overjustification Effect).